An Overview of Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns link a clause to a noun that has already been mentioned and provide additional information about that noun, e.g.: O homem que conheci chama-se Ricardo.
👉 que links:
Main Relative Pronouns in Portuguese
que
The most common relative pronoun. It can refer to people or things:
It can also appear after prepositions:
quem
Used only for people, and typically:
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after a preposition
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or separated by commas
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A minha amiga, a quem dei o livro, gostou muito.
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O professor, com quem falei, vai ajudar-nos.
👉 If there is no separation, use que, not quem.
o qual / a qual / os quais / as quais
More formal, used when:
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there is distance between noun and pronoun
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or after complex prepositions
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O filme, no qual há muitas cenas violentas, é assustador.
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Vamos ao concerto, depois do qual vamos jantar.
👉 Must agree in gender and number with the noun.
o que / aquilo que
Used for general or abstract ideas:
👉 No agreement (neuter meaning).
quando
Refers to time:
onde
Refers to place:
⚠️ Important
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Relative pronouns cannot be omitted (unlike English):
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❌ O homem conheci
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✅ O homem que conheci
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Use que when there is no separation:
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Same forms as interrogatives, but:
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no accent in relative use
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que / quem / onde / quando
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vs interrogative: quê? / quem? / onde?
🔑 Key points
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que = default, most frequent
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quem = people + preposition/comma
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o qual forms = formal, clarity, distance
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o que / aquilo que = abstract reference
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onde / quando = place / time
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Pronoun must always be present