Overview of Pronoun Order
Review of Direct and Indirect Objects
The direct object answers “what?” (o quê?) and the indirect object answers “to/for whom?” (a/para quem?):
👉 o menu = direct object
👉 aos clientes = indirect object
Replacing objects with pronouns
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Direct object:
-
Indirect object:
Using both pronouns together
When both appear:
👉 indirect + direct (IO before DO)
Clitic combinations (EP)
Unlike Spanish (me lo, se lo), EP uses fused forms:
| IO + DO |
Result |
| me + o |
mo |
| me + a |
ma |
| te + o |
to |
| te + a |
ta |
| lhe + o |
lho |
| lhes + os |
lhos |
| nos + a |
na |
| vos + os |
vos |
👉 Examples:
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Ele ofereceu-mo ontem.
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Ele deu-ta agora.
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Eu enviei-lho por email.
-
Ele trouxe-na de Lisboa.
Note that there is s strong tendency to keep the direct object clitic and replace the indirect one with a strong pronoun, e.g.: Entreguei-o a mim.
Position of pronouns (ENCLISIS vs PROCLISIS)
1. Enclisis (default in EP)
Pronoun comes after the verb:
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Dou-lhe o livro.
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Entrego-lho.
2. Proclisis (with triggers)
Pronoun comes before the verb when triggered by:
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negation:
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adverbs (e.g.: já, ainda, sempre):
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subordinating elements:
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certain pronouns/quantifiers:
3. With infinitives
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Quero dar-lhe o livro.
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Quero dá-lo.
-
Quero dar-lho.
👉 In EP, enclisis to infinitive is preferred.
4. With progressive structures
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Estou a dar-lhe o livro.
-
Estou a dar-lho.
5. Imperatives
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Affirmative → enclisis:
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Negative → proclisis:
❌ Incorrect placement
🔑 Key differences vs Spanish
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Spanish: me lo da
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EP: dá-mo / dá-lho
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Spanish default: proclisis
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EP default: enclisis
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Spanish: le → se rule
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EP: no change, instead fusion (lho, lha, etc.)
🔑 Key point
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Order = indirect + direct
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EP uses fusion forms (lho, mo, ta, etc.)
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Default = enclisis, but proclisis is triggered syntactically